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This category includes: Central committee members. But a series of leaders and dictators from the Soviet Union to China to Cuba would label their governments as communist. The office was formally titled The Political Bureau (Politburo), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, was the highest party organ when the Congress and the Central Committee were not in session.The Politburo was abolished and replaced by a Presidium in 1952 at the 19th Congress.Until 1990, the CPSU General Secretary acted as the informal chairman of the Politburo.To be elected to the Politburo, a member had to serve in the Central Committee.The Secretariat headed the CPSU's central apparatus and was solely responsible for the development and implementation of party policies.The powers of the Secretariat were weakened under Mikhail Gorbachev, and the Central Committee Commissions took over the functions of the Secretariat in 1988.The Organizational Bureau, or Orgburo, existed from 1919 to 1952 and was one of three leading bodies of the party when the Central Committee was not in session.The Central Control Commission (CCC) functioned as the party's supreme court.CCC members could not concurrently be members of the Central Committee.The leader of a department was usually given the title "head" (The Higher Party School (HPS) was the organ responsible for teaching cadres in the Soviet Union.Day-to-day responsibility of the raikom was handed over to a Politburo, which usually composed of 12 members.This system remained identical at all other levels of the CPSU hierarchy.The primary party organization (PPO) was the lowest level in the CPSU hierarchy.Membership of the party was not open. This model, with its problems and contradictions accumulating by day, was finally in crisis, and the people of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe lost their confidence in it. The [only] way out was to abandon the Stalin–Soviet Socialist Model and seek another road for social development.The Soviet Republics of Armenia, Estonia and Georgia all boycotted the 1991 referendum. The highest development of the State power for the withering away of State power —this is the Marxian formula. Georgy Malenkov spent the shortest time in power (183 days). He founded the Communist Party in 1912, but he spent years leading up to the Russian Revolution in exile abroad before Germany arranged for him to go back to Russia to get them out of World War One. Lenin and the Communists th… Within the country, the conditions of the NEP had enabled growing inequalities between increasingly wealthy strata and the remaining poor. Contemporaneously to establishment of the office of the President, representatives of the Khrushchev denounced Stalin on two occasions, first in 1956 and then in 1962. The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet … [Because] the proletariat is still so divided, so degraded, so corrupted in parts ... that an organization taking in the whole proletariat cannot directly exercise proletarian dictatorship. After leaving school, Stalin went to a seminary. During the history of the Soviet Union, there was no such office as "the Leader" of the nation. Its members were elected by the Party … Stalin used the office of General Secretary to create a strong power base for himself. In truth, a democratized Soviet Union was incompatible with denial of the Baltic states' independence for, to the extent that those Soviet republics became democratic, their opposition to remaining in a political entity whose center was Moscow would become increasingly evident. The style of governance in the party alternated between collective leadership and a Democratic centralism is an organizational principle conceived by Lenin.Lenin believed that democratic centralism safeguarded both party unity and ideological correctness.A central tenet of Leninism was that of the vanguard party.The Congress, nominally the highest organ of the party, was convened every five years.Despite delegates to Congresses losing their powers to criticize or remove party leadership, the Congresses functioned as a form of The Congresses also provided the party leadership with formal legitimacy by providing a mechanism for the election of new members and the retirement of old members who had lost favor.A Conference, officially referred to as an All-Union Conference, was convened between Congresses by the Central Committee to discuss party policy and to make personnel changes within the Central Committee.Under Lenin, the Central Committee functioned much like the Politburo did during the post-Stalin era, serving as the party's governing body.The Central Auditing Commission (CAC) was elected by the party Congresses and reported only to the party Congress.The Statute (also referred to as the Rules, Charter and Constitution) was the party's by-laws and controlled life within the CPSU.General Secretary of the Central Committee was the title given to the overall leader of the party. Joseph Stalin, the future leader of the Soviet Union, often referred to as the ‘Red Tsar,' was born on 18 December 1878 to a Georgian cobbler in Gori, Georgia and his wife in a small, impoverished village. But this contradiction springs from life itself and reflects completely Marxist dialectic.At the 1939 18th Congress, Stalin abandoned the idea that the state would wither away.